ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Globally, smoking is one of the biggest challenges in public health and is a known cause of several important diseases. Influenza is preventable via annual vaccination, which is the most effective and cost-beneficial method of prevention. However, subjects who smoke have some unhealthy behaviours such as alcohol, low physical activity, and low vaccination rate. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between smoking status and factors potentially related to the influenza vaccination coverage rate in the South Korean adult population. METHODS: The study included 13,565 participants aged >19 years, from 2010 to 2012 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Univariate analyses were conducted to examine the association between influenza coverage rate and related factors. Multivariate analysis was obtained after adjusting for variables that were statistically significant. RESULTS: The overall vaccination rate was 27.3% (n=3,703). Older individuals (P < 0.0001), women (P < 0.0001), non-smokers (P < 0.0001), light alcohol drinkers (P < 0.0001), the unemployed (P < 0.0001), and subjects with diabetes mellitus (P < 0.0001), hypercholesterolemia (P < 0.0001), and metabolic syndrome (P < 0.0001) had higher influenza vaccination coverage than the others. In multivariate analyses, current smokers and heavy smokers showed lower vaccination rates (odds ratio, 0.734; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.854). CONCLUSION: In the current study, smokers and individuals with inadequate health-promoting behaviors had lower vaccination rates than the others did.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Diabetes Mellitus , Hypercholesterolemia , Influenza, Human , Korea , Methods , Motor Activity , Multivariate Analysis , Nutrition Surveys , Public Health , Smoke , Smoking , VaccinationABSTRACT
The recovery of quadriceps muscle strength and knee function after knee surgery is important. Recently, neuro-muscular electrical stimulation (NMES), which is a method in which an electrical current is applied to the surrounding targeted muscle, has been incorporated into muscle-strengthening programs. The objective of this review was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of NMES in patients who have undergone knee surgery. A database search was performed in 8 Korean databases, Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Article selection and quality assessment were performed by 2 reviewers. Of the 580 articles selected, 14 papers (randomized controlled trials) were included in the final assessment. In the results of the meta-analysis, NMES combined with rehabilitation demonstrated a significant improvement in the enhancement of quadriceps muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. On the basis of the currently available data, NMES with rehabilitation is associated with favorable outcomes, and should be considered a safe and effective procedure for enhancing quadriceps muscle strength.